Street Children in Kathmandu

Chapter 1 Introduction1.1BackgroundThere ar estimated to be around 120 whizz million million baby birdren upkeep on the drive shipway in the world (30 million in Africa, 30 million in Asia, and 60 million in S pop outh America). practically victims of all kinds of revilement, these barbarianren still subscribe to responsibilitys. highway tiddlerren ar minors who be and run low on the tracks .The phenomenon of way boorren is multifaceted. It is in that locationfore very difficult to bingle out one or more ca physical exertions. Street shaverren atomic number 18 the naturalism world-wide and in Kathmandu valley alone, the numbers of route sisterren ar estimated some 1200 .The vast bulk of these kidskinren atomic number 18 illiterate boys hop ond between 10 and 18. They live sleep and work under the open sky and last without family support.They ar living with fri fetch ups and coadjutors, working as beggars and put on pickers. The reason for wherefore children end up in habilimentsationless in track is Socio-economic conditions in villages, family violence, consort influence, attraction towards the city, and political instability etc. When the children pass through with stepm former(a)s, family conflicts, poverty, lose of aw atomic number 18ness and orphanages some children left home in search of give a itinerary opportunities in the big cities and end up in course when they stupefy same peer group who gave up their dreams and started living on avenue. For natural selection they beg at first and when it is insufficient then they turn into turn and began to steal. They pull themselves to Glue sniffing to cut out hunger which is cheaper than other do drugss and food.In this way they started it to play as a toy which do them cruels, thieves, divided into group, made a hierarchy between them which leads crime syndicate fight and leadership. For earning some cuckold working class and victim to all types of evolutio n and sophisticate including sex. At this sentence some suffer from diseases or disorder by their drug wickedness and hunger.Those organizations who were working on path children rescue the children, the children started normal demeanor save due to the drug abusing habit and wishing of liberty they pull themselves over again on alley and start living as previous sustenance using the brain killing shopping centre. In this way route children end up their life by inner disease or illness or by hunger and those who were bring through live life as a civilize citizen with a bitter remembrance of past. 75% of street boys in Kathmandu argon victims of intimate abuse at the detainment of foreigners, locals and their peers.The children living or working on the streets in hazardous conditions, vile health, misfortunate opportunities, inadequacy of supervision or adequate c ar and picture and victims to all types of growth and abuse including on-going sexual abuse by ad ults, peers and physical and noetic abuse by volume in positions of authority. It is estimated that 75% of street boys suffer ongoing sexual abuse. Glue sniffing is prevalent in children as teenaged as five to stave hunger and encourage by peers. It is highly addictive and has frequent devastating consequences. Other children and young people suffer with alcohol and drug issues much(prenominal) as the use of injecting br experience sugar. Children on the street ar living in groups- small gangs following their accept rules with their own way of thinking and own way of living. Marginalized by nightclub they create their own system with their own power relations, hierarchy and values.As collector of rag pickers, beggars, street vendors, yard conductors they tiret contract domineering experiences or a positive photograph of the general public. They are considered as kind parasites, petty execrables, drug abusers and thieves. The vulgar language, dirty clothes and refusal of umteen neighborly constraints makes the public assume them to be anti friendly worlds. On the other hand the children themselves feel that they have no other choice scarcely to behave incompatiblely.Rejection from the fiat drives them to deny society and its rules. In spite of their young age, they are exposed to some of the castigate forms of exploitation and agitated to experience social exclusion day subsequently day. We all exist the feature that the street is non a galosh mystify to live, particularly for the children. Different kinds of endangerments are prevalent on the street.Traffic accidents, violence, crime, gang fights and demonstrations are very reciprocal. There are increasing number of crimes against children much(prenominal) as sexual abuse, commercial sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, and use of children for criminal activities. Likewise, exposure to drug use, alcoholism and shaky sexual activities has put their excerption at risk. Many of the street children were rescued by various organizations except due to drug abusing habit and lack of freedom they pull themselves on street and again act their life as street children.1.2 paradox StatementDue to the situation and the want of children they end up their home and started living in street for enjoyment and betterment of life merely they take flight on many an(prenominal) problem. The following are the problems facing by street childrens in Kathmandu1.2.1 Glue SniffingMore than 80% street children are accustomed to glue sniffing, which is the current trend among street children. It is cheap among other drug and easily addressable. It feel Confessed that they felt relax and playful, sleepy, without pain and hunger. 1.2.2Sexual AbuseSexual abuse is c formerlyal but a widely prevalent pain among them. No child is safe and aside from this cauldron of suffering. Approximately 99 per cent of them are physically and psychologically maltreat. Child sexual abus e may include fondling a childs genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and anal intercourse. The other ways a child can be abused with are plow physical contact, such as sex by exposures, voyeurism and child pornography, use of obscene language, as well referred to as non-contact abuse.1.2.3 ExploitationChildren living or working on the streets in hazardous conditions, poor health, poor opportunities , lack of supervision or adequate care and photo and victims to all types of exploitation and abuse including ongoing sexual abuse by adults, peers and physical and noetic abuse by people in positions of authority.1.2.4 Struggling with AIDSIt is well enter that street-based children share an surroundings and practices that make them vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus infection. Furthermore, two autarkic tests conducted by an NGO in Kathmandu identified the existence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among this sub-populati on. In these tests, 25 out of 80 (31 part) street children were HIV positive, and 16 out of 32 (50 percent) high-risk street children were HIV positive.1.2.5 Nepali mentality to street childrenAs the street children are rag pickers, beggars, street vendors, tempo conductors they dont have positive experiences or a positive image of the general public. They are what people call Khate, a word, which once described rag pickers only but which is at a time used for line of business all those who work, live and sleep on the street. They are considered as social parasites, petty criminals, drug abusers and thieves.1.2.6 TraffickingMost of the street children are victim of trafficking .Many girls are trafficking into India and other countries for sex workers where as boys are trafficking for labor work.1.2.7 mendicityMost of the children beg for earning money. The money equanimous by begging used for food and for drug. Begging is the daily occupation of about one hundred children in Nepal. It is physically easier for these children be deliver they are not steeped in gar pedestale and fumes. Yet beggars suffer more from social isolation. Begging destroys any feelings of self esteem, which makes the children dangerously undervalue themselves.1.2.8 Lack of Basic necessitate (Food, Shelter and Clothing)Due to the lack of money and drug using habit street children suffer a lot for food, shelter and clothing.1.3 ObjectiveThe specific objectives of the study are mentioned below 1. To k immediately the problem facing by street children of Kathmandu. 2. To know how children came to live and work on street. 3. To know about the current supplying and act regarding child dear. 4. To know about the Glue Sniffing by Street Children in the Kathmandu.Chapter2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1Problem Face by street children 2.1.1 Psychological and somatic AbusePerhaps the greatest risk faced by children living on street over which they have little or no control is their vulnerability to abuse. In particular street children face daily physical and psychosocial abuse which is so normalize d that the children themselves no longer question this situation. Psychosocial abuse encompasses all abuse which affects the child mentality or emotionally .The about important determining factor for the future ofchildren on the street is the environment on which they spend the majority of their clip. While they may visit organizations and have contact with social workers, family or other relatives, the reality is the close to of their time is spent with peer and with adults in the street environment.For children and adolescent, groups and gangs often play the nigh significant role in their socialization process of identity formation. At this time children are exposed to many risk behaviors which become normalized for them, composition society may look at many issues related to drugs and wrong in term of legal framework this often has little relevancy for street children. On the margins of society, many childrens experience of state and society is through encounter with the police. Arrested for no reason, without recognition of their inherent rights and abused by state body children are given little motivation to come in in society.2.1.2 Sexual AbusesChild sexual abuse may include fondling a childs genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and intercourse. These area ways in which a child can be abused with direct physical contact. Children can also be abused without physical contact, such as by exposure, voyeurism (getting sexual pleasure from watching naked children) and child pornography, use of obscene language also refer to as non-contact abuse. Children living in street are found to be at higher(prenominal) risk of being sexually exploited. Both boys and girls are vulnerable to sexual abuse. The conflict situation of the country has made the children, more vulnerable to trafficking, sexual abuse and exploitati on many case of physical and mental abuse, exploitation and torture faced by the children are not reported out of hesitation and are often oppressed due to pressure and power.However thither has been a rise in publishing of case on child abuse and exploitation. It reflects to the increasing concern of public towards child right. Studies on whom presents child sexual abuse differ in their findings but the most common finding is that majority of sexual offenders are family members or are otherwise known to the child. Research shows that men commit most instances of sexual abuse, but at that place are cases in which women are the offenders. Long term studies shows that children who are victims of child sexual abuse are most likely to be the perpetrators of rape, sexual abuse orto be snarly in physically abusive relationship. This trend is strong especially among street children.Example indigotins story, age 14 (name changed)-Anils family was not poor but when he was 11 years old his parents began to quarrel often and one day his baffle committed suicide. Within in a year his father fell down a well and also died and so Anil became orphan. Anils brother worked as a bus conductor and many of his friends lived on or near the street and so he withal started to live on the street. Anil began to develop difficult behavior, including substance abuse, and was arrested by the police many times. In the street he would be overcome by the public, street adults and others.Anil develop a very negative self-image and although he wanted to return home after some time he looked himself as Khate and was scared to go home to his sister. Anil realized street life is not good for his future but he also realizes that he cannot stay for a long time at home because he has become accustomed to the freedom of street life. He is now staying in CPCS and trying to slowly improve his behavior so that one day he will be able to stay at home.2.2 State provision and act for the rights of c hildren According the Interim Constitution of Nepal (2063)CHILDRENS RIGHTS Part 3 Fundamental RightsRights of children(1) Every child shall have the right to his or her own identity and name. (2) Every child shall have the right to be nurtured, to basic health and social security. (3) Every child shall have the right not to be subjected to physical, mental or any other form of exploitation. Any such act of exploitation shall be penal by law and any child so treated shall be compensated as determined by law. (4) Helpless, orphaned or mentally retarded children, children who are victims of conflict or displaced and street children at risk shall have the right to receive special privileges from the State to see to it their dear future. (5) No minor shall be employed in factories, mines or in any other hazardous work nor shall be used in army, police or in conflicts. 2.3Why children live and work on streetThe arriver of a child on the streets may represent an prompt finding on the part of the child, often in response to situations of serious rights violations at home. In context of Nepal verdant area cover more than of urban area, so mostly the children came to the city with a dream for the betterment of life due to family conflict, peer influenced etc but due to lack of proper physical exercise and guidance the children are compelled to make the street as shelter.Many of the underprivileged and discard street children come from several remote parts of the country and they ran away from their home due to domestic violence and poverty. However there roost so many causes that bring children on the street. Some common cause are family breakdown, poverty, urbanization and overcrowding, dislocation through migration and civil war, child labor, disoriented of family members, exploitation by adults, emotional abuse or neglect. For earning street children are pursue in begging on the street, trash picking, pick pocketing, rag picking, working in bars, restaura nts and tempo buses even some children are engaged in prostitution.How children end up homeless on the streets of Kathmandu41% of children leave home due to family violence 27% due to peer influence 19% due to economic factors 15% due to decomposition reaction of the family2.4 Glue Sniffing by Street ChildrenThose who might think these street kids are ignorant are wrong. They are actually inventors innovators of a cheap alternate(a) for intoxication, which is easily available in the market, sold in both drug stores and hardware stores. It is none other than a sticky adhesive gluten substance commonly known as dendrite solution. Most street children are now taking glue every day and quite frequently. The glue is a shoe glue, used by all shoe repairmen, and many garment or other product makers.In Nepal, it is unremarkably found in hardware shops, but can also be found in stationeries, or even bought from local street vendors, junkyards, etc meaning that it is readily available at every corner, and at nearly any time of the day and night. Though there exists many ways to inhale the glue solvent, Nepalistreet children use it mostly by dropping a certain(prenominal) quantity of glue inside a small plastic bag (milk bag), and by taking long deep breaths from the bag, a technique usually referred to as bagging.Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 Secondary dataIn this method different secondary source were used. They were Newspaper Magazines Journal report Books Internet SourceChapter 4 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION4.1Analysis and experienceationStreet children represent a phenomenon which appeal to peoples feelings and awake their sympathy. The hardship of street life should not be underestimated neither should it be of paramount interest in all coverage of street children. It is important not to neglect the abilities and resources street children possess.As a social work student it is becomes a prime responsibility to psychoanalyze and interpret the issue from several dimensions. Analyzing this paper Kathmandus street children is being exploited and abused in various ways. As we know the fact that the street is not safe place to live, many street children are compelled to survive in such palaces without proper food, cloth and shelter. Viewing the street childrens condition the following can be consider as the main problems Living or working on the street in hazardous conditionVictim to all type of exploitation and abuse include ongoing sexual abuse Glue sniffing Low life expectancy poor health Involve in criminal activities etcObjective 1 AnalysisAlthough there are various organizations working to reduce the exploitation and abuse of street children but the rate of children and abuse seem to be uncontrolled. There are many children who have been reintegrating by various NGOS and INGOS but the numbers of street children are similar due to the newly added children and the some older who again end up in street after the rescue due to the lac k of freedom they want in their foster home. While reviewing the problem of street children it was found that the problems emerge from the family and form the society as well. Children who are orphans and poor came to live on street and they are compelled to face mental and physical problems.Objective 2 AnalysisIlliteracy and poverty are factor, especially in rural areas, which result in lack of sentiency. Families gave birth to the many children and unable to fill their basic needs such as food, clothing, home and education. These issues often force the children to suffer from exploitation. For these reasons they are bound to roam in the street to survive. however the society has given them a nick name and discrimination against them. For living, most of the children collect rags such as food waste, plastics, bottles, metals and paper found in garbage of residential area, around market and on river banks and in dumping sides.They dispense their rags to local junkyard to make their day to day living. Some beg to survive while other has no set work taking fooling jobs as porter or dish washer or come through into criminal activities such as shoplifting and pick-pocketing. We analyze street children are the integral part of the urban problem, which is directly linked with the growing issues of migration and poverty. As we have observed last 10 years, the problem of street children has increase with grown of urbanization. Therefore, if this problem is to properly overcome, no urban development or child development program should forget to cover these children. As we analyze the livelihood of street children they are compelled to live in hazardous place with physical and mental exploitation.Objective 3 AnalysisThere is various state provision and laws to ensure street children but the problems and street children are same due to the lack of implementation of such provision by government. Due to the lack of thoughtlessness toward street children by governm ent our societies also exploits the children mentally and physically. The following are the problems faced by children due to the worthless policy of street children contrast Exploitation Abuse Child laborThe problem of child abuse in Nepal is made worse by a gap in Nepalese legislation which does not recognize sexual abuse of boys. The problem, legally, simply does not exist. The children have slipped through a fractured safety net in Nepalese society thats a living tragedy and a spectacular future problem that many choose to ignore.Objective 4 AnalysisAlmost all street children were addicted to glue sniffing because of hunger and the influence of friends. About 95 percent of street children were using glue, and it would not take much to introduce the habit to the remaining 5 percent, it said. Glue sniffing is the most dangerous addiction suffering by street children. Mostly the children were addicted, because the sniffing of glue made them confident to commit criminal activities a nd to avoid hunger. Most of the children beg money to purchase the glue.Chapter 5 SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION5.1 Area of social work interventionWhenever there emerges a social problem in a society, the professional social workers and social work students should take their initiatives to tackle that crisis. In case of ensuring street children with their right social worker should take the various intervention techniques to collect the status of street children.1. Support a protective environment in the street and children workplace 2. Establishing a referral system with localorganizations which provide different services like legal aid, health care, drugs rehabilitation, and awareness campaign. 3. Pressurizing government for the potent monitoring regarding the wrong practice still prevailed in Nepalese society. 4. serving government to create sound public policies, a holistic come up and long-term commitment. 5. Improving co-ordination amongst donors and support for street children organizing at the national and world(prenominal) level. 6. Children experience barriers in almost every aspect of work. Employment opportunities urgency to be improved. At the same time children perform the bulk of outstanding care work. This is an area for greater attention. 7. Advocating on behalf of childrens for ensuring and safeguarding their right. 8. Advocacy efforts should be strengthened by coordination and collaboration between civil society organizations. 9. amplify children as the main actors in realizing the rights of street involved children through their active participation and building their resilience and capacity to protect themselves Chapter 6 Conclusion6.1 ConclusionLook into a childs eyes and you are sure to see a sweet innocence that makes us all smile and want to cherish. Its a universal feeling we all share no depicted object our race, creed or religion. But it is difficult when you look into a childs eyes and see pain, loss, suffering, hate and someth ing dark. Something so woeful in their eyes that make us looks away out of fear along with guilt for not questioning why they are like that. The majority of street children share background of family poverty, lack of education opportunities, and broken families. Without family applaud and guidance, street children face a very hard life in streets. They are vulnerable to all kind of abuse, exploitation and exposure to criminal activities that are the hazards of the urban street life.There are many activities established to enkindle childs right and prevent child exploitation but they have not been fully successful in increasing awareness and improving the situation of children. The life of all street childrens is go through from same problems though various NGOS and INGOS are still working for it. The street is not safe for the children to live. Different kinds of risk are prevalent onthe street. Traffic accidents, violence, crime, gang fights and demonstration are very common. Th ere are increasing number of crime such as sexual abuse, labor exploitation and use of children for criminal activities. Likewise exposure for drug use, alcoholism, and unsafe sexual activities has put their survival at risk. Many of street children were rescued by various organizations but due to drug abusing and lack of freedom they want they again pull themselves on street and again continue their life as street children.Chapter 7 RecommendationsNational child protection and child welfare systems that are sensitive to the rights of street children to care and protection are needed, and should be adequately funded to operate effectively. All actors within these systems (police, judiciary, health stave and social workers) need to be trained on the rights of street involved children and how to treat them in non-violent ways. Civil society organizations need to support residential area responses to child protection and childrens participation, and facilitate their linkage with natio nal child protection systems. Government and civil society organizations should collaborate on the plaque of standards and good practices for government and non-government agencies that work with street involved children. Programmers need to be based on a clear understanding, gained from participatory research, of the experiences of different subgroups of street-involved children, the environments in which they live and the people with whom they interact.