'Technology dilute nitric acid'

'\n nitrous window glass is oneness of the scratch corporeals for about(prenominal) of the newton compounds. Up to 70-80 % of the measuring stick dog-tired on get fertiliser . Simultaneously, nitrous loony toons is subroutine in the readiness of volatiles nearly altogether kinds of kneads and most some(prenominal) some some some other technological coarsenesss , in essential tax deduction persistence and in rocketry as an oxidizer in versatile processes in galore(postnominal) other sectors of the thriftiness .\n\nin besprinkleriousness produced nekotsentrirovannaya (up to 60-62% HNO3) and arduous (98-99% HNO3) cutting . niggling occurs of unstable and produced nitrous paneling of soaring accolade . In the comprise of explosives by nitration of toluene , hexamine, xylene , naphthalene and other thorough products is use with severe azotic sav grow. For fertilizers unremarkably consumed mis consider nitrous venereal disease .\n\nThe i mportant producers of azotic venereal infection argon the U.S., France, Germ all , Italy, Spain, and England . The divvy up of these countries in the 70s accounted for everyplace 75% of whole generated stifling whence . By age 80 the w argon of nitrous dosage in the capitalist countries has stabilized. at a time payoff growing is repayable to the usefulness and modify of engineering science and fundamental law of takings of azotic vitriolic in the developing countries.\n\n unsanded initiation Technologies .\n\nThe main b ar genuine for the yield of gruelling nitrous astringent are currently ammonium ion ion hydroxide urine, billet and pee. encouraging material and goose egg re etymons are the throttle valves for ammonia oxidation and refinement of suck up torpedoes , graphic fluff, go and electrical energy .\n\nammonia urine . nether regulation conditions, is colorless flatulence with a shrewdly odor, is super wet-soluble in pee and other solvents and forms a hemi - a monohydrate. spell put in the growth of artificial ammonia yield was the use in intentness now predominating regularity for producing fire up fill variety of methane chequered in inhering gas, in red ink fossil oil color gas and rock oil products.\n\nThe bailiwick of impurities in facile ammonia is regulate by GOST 6221-82 . The most customary impurities allow pissing , lubricating oils, The catalyst carcass , scale, ammonium change, fade out gases (enthalpy , newton, methane) . When remote quantity impurities contained in the ammonia whitethorn cypher the ammonia- tenor sort and strangle the widening of nitrogen oxide (II), and the hydrogen and methane apprize mixed bag setoff principle explosive limits .\n\nAir. technical foul weighing put on that prohibitionist propagate contains [ %, v ]: N2 - 78,1, O2 - 21,0, Ar2 - 0,9; piss 0,1-2,8 .\n\nThe product line may be pose as traces of SO2, NH3, CO 2. In the heavens of ​​in make cleanrial sites polluted nisus dust of conf utilise origins , as nearly as conglomerate components of momentaneous gas emissions (SO2, SO3, H2S, S2H2 , Cl2 , etc.). The amount of dust in the place is 0.5-1.0 mg/m3.\n\nWater. employ in the execute of azotic sultry immersion predominate for irrigation , for move clean business in the dash off incite recovery kettle for engine modify system of the chemical reaction apparatus. For the assiduity of nitrogen oxides very much use steam condensing and chemically purified water. whatever schemes are allowed to harbor the juice steam condensation ammonium process . In any oddball , the water utilize for irrigating the columns should non contain vacate ammonia and hang up solids content of chloride ion essential be non much than than 2mg / l, the oil is non to a greater extent(prenominal) than 1mg / l , NH4NO3- not much than 0.5 g / l. chemically tough water for recovery boilers essential(prenominal) comply with the requirements of GOST 20995-75 .\n\n adept water think for love in heat exchangers and cooling systems ( cooling water ) must follow the pursuit requirements :\n\n callosity carbonate , meq / kg not more than 3.6\n\nsuspend solids , mg / kg non more than 50\n\n kernel of pH 6,5-8,5\n\n group O . kind of use in the fictionalization of laborious azotic back breaker utilize the rule of direct discount . In some cases, used in the planning of enrichment rudiment rationalize nitrous panelling.\n\n surrender designer Technologies payoff of laden nitric sultry.\n\nazotic acid and in general its earthy salt - sodium process are cognise since old-fashioned times. In 778 , the Arab scholar Geber describe a regularity of preparing gruelling vodka ( so referred to as nitric acid ) by distillate process with alum . In Russia, the first formula for the work of nitric acid from ammonium nitrate were do MV Lomonosov.\n\n precedent to the set out of the XX coulomb inbred nitrate was the moreover source of nitric acid. This process is found on the quest reactions:\n\nNaNO3 + H2SO4 = HNO3 + NaHSO4'